The combination of mass spectrometry for gasoline evolution evaluation in battery thermal runaway
The rising demand for high-energy lithium-ion batteries has highlighted security considerations because of thermal runaway incidents, which may result in fires and explosions. These occasions happen when exothermic reactions inside end in warmth accumulation, triggering decomposition reactions that launch flammable gases and oxygen, creating hazardous circumstances.
Because the temperature within the battery temperature will increase, a cascade of complicated reactions could happen. Lithium salt decomposition begins above 70°C, adopted by the breakdown of the Strong Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) at 90-130°C, releasing gases like C₂H₄ and CO₂. Electrolyte decomposition accelerates as much as 230°C, releasing fluorinated compounds. Cathode supplies decompose at 200-300°C, releasing oxygen. By 235°C, full-scale thermal runaway happens, producing gases corresponding to CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄, and HF, alongside vaporized electrolyte parts, additional intensifying combustion dangers.
HEL Group’s BTC-500 adiabatic calorimeter allows complete thermal conduct evaluation, evaluating the response to thermal, electrical, and mechanical stress within the battery. Right here we examine the gasoline evolution profiles of two lithium-ion batteries utilizing a mix of adiabatic calorimetry (BTC-500) and mass spectrometry.
The check
Two lithium-ion batteries have been examined, one with a 151 Ah capability and one other with 177 Ah, each at 100% state-of-charge (SOC). A high-pressure mass spectrometer (Pfeiffer) was built-in with the BTC-500 calorimeter to research gasoline evolution throughout thermal runaway. This setup enabled real-time monitoring at excessive frequency (50 ms per mass unit), excessive stress (8 bar), and excessive temperature, making certain speedy detection of transient chemical reactions (Fig 1). Utilizing a Warmth-Wait-Search (HWS) protocol, batteries have been heated incrementally till they entered thermal runaway. In-situ gasoline evaluation was performed in real-time, whereas periodic on-line sampling allowed additional evaluation. Put up-runaway gasoline assortment enabled retrospective evaluation of transient species.
The gasoline composition evaluation confirmed distinct profiles for every battery (Fig 2). The 151 Ah Battery produced massive quantities of CO₂, H₂, CH₄, C₂H₄, and CO, alongside with minor traces of SO₂ and mercaptamines. Whereas the 177 Ah Battery launched important CO, CO₂, and H₂, with small quantities of toluene, trimethylamine N-oxide, and long-chain hydrocarbons. The variations in gasoline composition highlighted how variations in electrolyte composition and electrode supplies affect thermal runaway conduct and gasoline composition.
There are limitations of typical gasoline evaluation as whereas gasoline chromatography (GC) is extensively used it typically operates at low pressures and temperatures, making it unsuitable for the research of gasoline evolution underneath thermal runaway circumstances. Moreover, GC requires off-line sampling, which can end result within the lack of unstable species.
The BTC-500’s integration with mass spectrometry permits for real-time, high-frequency gasoline evaluation underneath high-pressure and high-temperature circumstances. This method is important to grasp speedy response dynamics precisely. By combining BTC-series calorimeters with high-pressure mass spectrometry, HEL Group has launched a complicated analytical answer that enhances battery security analysis. This meeting permits researchers to trace response pathways with millisecond precision, offering deeper insights into gasoline era mechanisms.
The conclusion
HEL Group’s BTC-500 was efficiently built-in with a mass spectrometer, enabling real-time, high-resolution gasoline evolution monitoring throughout lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. The mixture of each techniques enhances security analysis by offering further insights into gasoline era processes. This helps may help to enhance the design batteries yielding safer items. Understanding gasoline emissions throughout thermal runaway occasions is key to create correct danger assessments and put environment friendly mitigation methods in place, contributing to the safer implementation of lithium-ion batteries in essential functions.
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